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Heredity (or Constitutional POH): Genes determine the amount and distribution of melanin which affects eye pigmentation.
Nutritional deficiency: Discoloration under the eyes may be caused by deficiencies in iron and Vitamin-K.
Peri-Orbital Edema: Peri-Orbital Edema, commonly known as puffiness, is a condition where fluid accumulates under the eye causing swelling. There can be various reasons for this condition including allergies, high blood pressure, medical disorders such as liver, thyroid or kidney problems, and sinus infections. This condition can also lead to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Prominent vasculature: Due to the thinner overlying skin, the underlying vasculature, particularly veins, appear more prominent, causing the eye area to look darker.
Ageing: As we get older, the collagen in our skin starts to break down, resulting in the appearance of hyperpigmentation, sagging skin, fine lines, and wrinkles. The skin under the eyes also becomes thinner, and the blood vessels become more visible, making the area under the eyes appear darker.
Tear through depression: As we age, our face undergoes several changes such as the loss of fat, thinning of the overlying skin, and the descent of the cheeks. These changes can lead to a hollowing effect under the eyes, which casts shadows and gives the appearance of dark circles.
Acanthosis Nigricans: This condition, known as acanthosis nigricans, is characterized by dark, velvety patches of skin around the eyes. It is often associated with insulin imbalances and metabolic disorders.
Other Causes: It refers to various skin conditions such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, dermal melanocytosis, and pigmentary demarcation lines.
Fatigue and stress: A poor sleep cycle, environmental factors, and psychological stress can strain the muscles around the eyes, leading to periorbital hyperpigmentation. Dark circles under the eyes are not necessarily a sign of tiredness, but they are often associated with it.
Sunlight: When the skin is exposed to sunlight, it triggers the production of melanin, which results in Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH).
Medication: Hormonal medication and ocular hypotensive eye drops may cause dark circles.
Alcohol/Smoking: Periorbital hyperpigmentation can be worsened by excessive smoking and alcohol consumption. Smoking affects skin's microcirculation and can lead to dark circles.
